Liquid Pipeline Study

Maximize pipeline performance while reducing operating costs, with insight from normalized comparisons of diverse pipeline system operations.



Near-zero tolerance for environmental impacts has challenged the pipeline industry to improve personnel training, energy efficiency, and maintenance, while still optimizing spend. Understanding personnel effectiveness and efficiency of your pipeline system is critical to meet regulatory standards and achieve profitable operating performance.

Solomon's Worldwide Liquid Pipeline Performance Analysis (Liquid Pipeline Study) is designed to help liquid pipeline system operators maximize pipeline performance, optimize personnel, reduce operating expenditures, support sustainability initiatives, and maintain pipeline integrity in a sustainable manner.

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Companies that participate in Solomon’s Liquid Pipeline Study typically realize 10–20% annual operating expense (OpEx) saving. Leverage a vetted, proprietary performance database of >300 pipelines worldwide and hundreds of pipeline performance metrics.

  • How does my performance compare; is it significantly different from others?
  • How does my cost performance compare to other diverse pipeline systems in my region?
  • How do my pipeline integrity costs compare to competitors?
  • How do my reliability and maintenance costs compare to the top performers?
  • What is the value of closing my performance gaps compared to peers?
  • How well am I operating the pipeline systems I have?
  • Product Type (crude oil and refined/NGL products)
  • Business Structure (integrated-pipeline vs logistic-pipeline)
  • Geographical Region
  • Breakout Tankage
  • Pipeline Age
  • Diameter-Length
  • Number of Shippers
  • Average Haul
  • Annual Number of Tickets
  • Terrain Difficulty
  • Equivalent Pipeline Complexity (EPC ™)
  • Utilized Capacity


The Liquid Pipeline Study segregates data into categories that most affect operational and financial performance of pipeline systems then normalizes the data to provide accurate comparisons of diverse operations. This detailed analysis provides you with two competitive advantages: the big picture of where you stand compared to peers; and the insights you need to take an informed and targeted approach to improve performance. Uncover insights to improve basic physical facilities, operating expenditures (fixed and variable), reliability of systems, personnel effectiveness and labor use, energy cost and consumption, maintenance, equipment utilization, and pipeline integrity practices.

Solomon experts understand the wide range of diverse operating complexities and physical design characteristics within the pipeline industry. Pipeline systems can vary in number of input and output points, liquid product type, pipeline length, diameter, breakout storage, number of pump and meter stations, capacity, and type of terrain. To accurately compare operating performance between these diverse pipeline systems, the Liquid Pipeline Study analyzes pipeline data using four divisors: diameter-length, utilized capacity, replacement value, and most significantly, EPC. EPC normalizes pipeline performance data while taking adequate account of differences in configuration and complexity, providing an equitable basis for comparing diverse sets of systems.

Figure 1. Expenditure Comparisons, USD/M barrel-mile

Figure 2. Expenditure Comparisons, USD/k EPC


Simple divisors can mask your true performance level. For example, normalizing data with utilized capacity will show a high-capacity mainline system (pipeline “A”) as a top performer (Figure 1). However, when Solomon’s EPC removes the capacity advantage, the same pipeline “A” is only a third quartile performer (Figure 2). Although utilized capacity is somewhat helpful in comparing pipeline costs, it does not account for the physical design and operational characteristics of each pipeline system (i.e., number of pump and meter stations, length, diameter, power rating, capacity, terrain, and breakout storage) the way EPC does. With EPC as the normalizer, you can realistically identify your competitive position on a like-to-like basis regardless of the physical and operational characteristics of other systems.

Why Participate?

  • Quantify performance improvement opportunities through a gap analysis.
  • Compare liquid pipeline systems with diverse complexity, pipeline length, diameter, breakout storage, liquid type, number of pump and meter stations, capacity, and terrain.
  • Maintain pipeline integrity while reducing costs.
  • Compare performance at the pipeline system level and across geographic regions.
  • Determine competitive industry position.
  • Establish performance targets and measure progress.
  • Assess future performance impact of planned capital improvements/modifications.
  • Demonstrate performance/capability to financial institutions and security analysts.

Study Deliverables

Study recipients receive the following:

  • Quantified gap analysis provided on OpEx, personnel cost, personnel work hours vs price, and energy.
  • Study averages based on peer groups and performance rankings with quartile breakpoints.
  • Executive summary presentation with actionable insight supported by study data.
  • Customized diagnostic analysis, including conclusions, recommendations, and valued opportunity potential for each asset.
  • Private debriefings with Solomon operations advisors.

Performance is assessed across the following areas: 

  • OpEx
  • Maintenance costs & equipment utilization
  • Personnel effectiveness (cost & work hours)
  • Reliability and safety
  • Pipeline Integrity practices and costs
  • Capital Investment (CapEx)
  • Energy costs and consumption
  • MNVE
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

A: The Worldwide Liquid Terminal Performance Analysis (Liquid Terminal Study) uses Solomon’s proprietary Comparative Performance Analysis™ (CPA™) methodology to provide a comprehensive and normalized assessment of pipeline system operational performance, improvement opportunities in the areas of personnel effectives and efficiency, pipeline integrity, reliability, maintenance costs, energy costs and consumption, and OpEx.

A: EPC (Equivalent Pipeline Complexity) is a patented regression analysis developed of key pipeline system characteristics that could best predict manageable non-volume-related expenditures (MNVE) for any liquid pipeline system. EPC allows the comparison of diverse pipeline systems by normalizing advantages in measured pipeline performance. EPC provides a better methodology to normalize pipeline industry performance that barrel-miles or diameter inch-miles cannot do.

A: Solomon recently added sustainability metrics to assist your facilities in promoting strategies that support energy efficiency, emissions reductions and decarbonization.

  • Carbon Emissions Index (CEI) – Solomon has developed a Liquid Pipeline Study CEI, a metric introduced in 2007 for the Solomon Fuels Study. CEI, the primary metric for GHG emissions, measures direct (Scope 1) and indirect (Scope 2) emissions. CEI considers electricity fuel mix, sources of thermal energy, gasoline and crude oil loading emissions, and vapor control methods as the foundations for GHG calculations.
  • Energy Intensity Index™ (EII®) – The recognized gold standard used for measuring energy efficiency has been incorporated into the Liquid Pipeline Study since 2019.

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A: The Liquid Pipeline Study is open to all liquid pipeline systems, including any combination of the following: crude oil, natural gas liquids, petrochemicals, refined products, liquefied petroleum gas. The Liquid Pipeline Study includes onshore, main line, and liquid pipelines. Gathering systems and offshore pipeline systems are generally not included unless they make up only a small part of your systems.


Gain Actionable Insight

Learn How You Can Participate

The Liquid Pipeline Study analyzes and compares your system’s performance at the pipeline level on an equitable basis with our patented methodology for normalizing diverse pipeline performance data. The resulting analysis gives a true view of where you stand and provides insight to sustainably improve reliability, personnel effectiveness, operating expenditures, energy cost and consumption, maintenance, and pipeline integrity. Join others who leverage the Liquid Pipeline Study to yield the maximum result from their pipeline system and get the data you need to formulate a concrete plan for performance improvement.

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Data Quality, Benchmarking Methodology

A Foundation for Effective Comparative Performance Analysis and Decision Support

We prioritize the integrity and confidentiality of participant-submitted data and rigorously review that data before benchmarking begins. Then, we employ our normalization process and benchmarking methodology to provide valuable and trusted peer group comparisons that deliver meaningful KPIs. Finally, our staff of senior consultants apply their deep industry experience to develop practical insight and recommendations to enable your success.

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